human-environment interaction geomorphology culture geopolitics human geography sense of place climate change borders natural hazard spatial analysis urban geography urban planning arid environment accessibility cartography national security glacier indigenous rights choke points spatial justice volcano wind antarctica internet infrastructure polar exploration migration sensory geography exclave nomadism enclave noise pollution conservation demographics primary succession biodiversity soundscape geography of fear protest vernacular architecture aeolian processes sovereignty sand dune globalization hydrology counter-mapping trade acoustic geography soil flash flood albedo ecosystem undersea cables permafrost karst resource curse clay moraine food security deep sea japan fertility rate megadrought periglacial river piracy demography transportation geography renewable energy chemosynthesis astrobiology pilgrimage desertification megacity ice age depopulation glof